In the 1896 election, Republicans took over the White House and held it for the next 16 years. Meanwhile, manifest fate was cited to promote expansion abroad. Whether or not this version of manifest destiny was compatible with continental expansionism of the 1840s was debated at that time and long after. [99] As president, Polk sought a compromise and renewed the earlier offer to divide the region in two along the 49th parallel, to the dismay of the most ardent defenders of manifest destiny. When the British rejected the offer, American expansionists responded with slogans such as “All of Oregon or none” and “Fifty-four forty or fight,” referring to the region`s northern border. (The latter slogan is often incorrectly described as part of the 1844 presidential campaign.) When Polk terminated the joint occupation agreement, the British finally agreed, in early 1846, to divide the area along the 49th parallel and leave the lower Columbia basin to the United States.[62] The Oregon Treaty of 1846 formally settled the dispute; Polk`s administration managed to sell the treaty to Congress because the United States was about to start the Mexican-American War, and the president and others argued that it would be foolish to fight the British Empire as well. [ref. The term manifest destiny was popularized by the chronicler John O`Sullivan, who wrote an article in 1845 denouncing other nations for “limiting our greatness and verifying the fulfillment of our manifest destiny to overburden the continent allotted by providence to the free development of our millions which multiply every year.” Manifest destiny quickly became a popular term describing and celebrating the American “right” to expansion—America`s destiny and ability, or destiny to expand, was seen as obvious and obvious or manifest. Manifest fate would be used to justify and defend events such as the Mexican-American War. Das 19.
However, the end of manifest destiny was seen due to disputes over slavery in the newly acquired Western territory, which blocked the focus on expansion and eventually led to the American Civil War. President Wilson continued the policy of interventionism in America, seeking to redefine both America`s manifest destiny and “mission” on a larger scale. global reach. Wilson led the United States into World War I, claiming that “the world must be made safe for democracy.” In his 1920 postwar message to Congress, Wilson declared: I think we all know that the day has come when democracy will be put to its final test. The Old World suffers from a blind rejection of the principle of democracy and a replacement of the principle of autocracy, as the name claims but without the authority or sanction of the mob. This is the time of all others, when democracy would have to prove its purity and spiritual power to prevail. It is certainly the obvious destiny of the United States to take the initiative to try to impose this spirit. Manifest fate played an important role in the expansion of Texas and U.S. relations with Mexico. In 1836, the Republic of Texas declared independence from Mexico and attempted to join the United States as a new state after the Texas Revolution.[65] It was an idealized process of expansion, advocated by Jefferson to O`Sullivan: new democratic and independent states would ask to enter the United States instead of the United States extending its government to people who did not want it. The annexation of Texas was attacked by anti-slavery spokesmen because it would add another slave state to the Union.
Presidents Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren rejected Texas` offer to join the United States, in part because the issue of slavery threatened to divide the Democratic Party. [66] Manifest Destiny is an unofficial doctrine that characterized U.S. attitudes toward territorial expansion in the 19th and 20th centuries. It was based on the principles that American society inherently valued higher than others, and that it was a compelling and inevitable mission to integrate the rest of the North American continent into the United States. The term was used by Democrats in the 1840s to justify the Mexican–American War, and it was also used to negotiate the Oregon border dispute. Manifest fate has always limped because of its internal limitations and the issue of slavery in the United States, Merk says, and has never become a national priority. In 1843, former U.S. President John Quincy Adams, originally a major proponent of the concept underlying manifest destiny, had changed his mind and rejected expansionism because it meant the expansion of slavery in Texas. [15] Some contemporary historians have condemned manifest fate as an ideology used to justify the dispossession and genocide of Native Americans. [16] [17] [18] [19] Manifest Destiny was a cultural belief prevalent in the United States in the 19th century that American settlers were destined to spread throughout North America.
[3] [4] There are three basic themes for manifesting destiny: In the age of manifest destiny, this idea, known as the “Indian distance,” gained traction. Humanitarian advocates of deportation believed that American Indians would do better to distance themselves from whites. As historian Reginald Horsman argued in his influential study Race and Manifest Destiny, racist rhetoric increased in the age of manifest destiny. Americans increasingly believed that the Native American way of life would “fade” with the expansion of the United States. For example, this idea was reflected in the work of one of the first great American historians, Francis Parkman, whose seminal book The Conspiracy of Pontiac was published in 1851. Parkman wrote that after the defeat of the French in the French and Indian War, the Indians were “destined to melt and disappear in the face of the waves advances of Anglo-American power, which were now rolling westward unhindered and unresisted.” Parkman pointed out that the collapse of Indian power in the late 18th century was rapid and a past event. [96] In 1845, settlers wanted to take land from Native Americans in Texas. They proclaimed: “Our manifest destiny to cover the continent provided by Providence for the free development of our millions of people who are increasing every year.” They believed that providence (God) granted them the right to take land by force, a course of action they considered both obvious (manifest) and inevitable (fate). Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article on manifest destiny Without community, the ultimate fate of a conservation project, no matter how ambitious, will be short-lived. In the 1892 U.S. presidential election, the Republican Party platform proclaimed: “We reaffirm our approval of the Monroe Doctrine and believe in the realization of the manifest destiny of the Republic in the broadest sense.” [98] What was meant by “manifest fate” in this context was not clearly defined, especially since the Republicans lost the election.
Manifest destiny is the idea that the acquisition of new territory is both necessary and determined by divine power. Manifest fate was used to justify American expansion in the 19th century. As the Civil War went down in history, the term manifest destiny experienced a brief revival. Protestant missionary Josiah Strong, in his 1885 bestseller Our Country, argued that the future had been transferred to America because he had perfected the ideals of civil liberty, “pure spiritual Christianity,” concluding, “My plea is not: Save America for America`s sake, but save America for the good of the world.” [97] Some critics argue that Manifest Destiny claims that because of the special place of American society and the occupation of the western part of American territory, its historical fate is supposed to be an exception. This belief leads to imperialist actions, its consequences include the military invasion of the Philippines and Cuba. These measures then took the form of a cultural justification for the new imperialism, and it was concluded that the United States has a place and status of “exception in the world” in history and the world today. Accordingly, the United States is not accountable to international organizations such as the UN and the International Criminal Court. Therefore, the United States goes beyond international treaties and does not have to commit to them.
[116] A popular slogan from the 1840s. It was used by people who believed that the United States was destined – by God, some said – to expand across North America to the Pacific Ocean. The idea of manifest destiny was used to justify the acquisition of Oregon and much of the Southwest, including California. (See Mexican War.) Thirty-seven years later, this fate remains largely unparalleled. The author criticized the opposition that still existed to the annexation of Texas and urged national unity in the name of “the fulfillment of our manifest destiny to cover the continent allocated by Providence to the free development of our millions that multiply every year.” However, the obvious destiny was briefly revived in the period following the civil war.